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There have been several conflicts and disputes in Sudan over the years, but two of the major ones are:

1. The Darfur conflict: This conflict began in 2003 when rebel groups in the Darfur region of western Sudan took up arms against the government, accusing it of neglect and discrimination. The government responded by arming local militias, known as the Janjaweed, which committed widespread atrocities against civilians. The conflict has resulted in the displacement of millions of people and the deaths of hundreds of thousands.
2. The South Sudan conflict: This conflict began in 2013, two years after South Sudan gained independence from Sudan. The conflict was sparked by political tensions between the President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir, and his former Vice President, Riek Machar. The conflict quickly escalated into a full-blown civil war, with both sides committing widespread atrocities against civilians. The conflict ended in 2018 with a peace agreement, but the situation remains fragile, and there are still sporadic outbreaks of violence.
3. There have been several conflicts and disputes in Sudan over the years, but two of the major ones are:
4. The Darfur conflict: This conflict began in 2003 when rebel groups in the Darfur region of western Sudan took up arms against the government, accusing it of neglect and discrimination. The government responded by arming local militias, known as the Janjaweed, which committed widespread atrocities against civilians. The conflict has resulted in the displacement of millions of people and the deaths of hundreds of thousands.
5. The South Sudan conflict: This conflict began in 2013, two years after South Sudan gained independence from Sudan. The conflict was sparked by political tensions between the President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir, and his former Vice President, Riek Machar. The conflict quickly escalated into a full-blown civil war, with both sides committing widespread atrocities against civilians. The conflict ended in 2018 with a peace agreement, but the situation remains fragile, and there are still sporadic outbreaks of violence.
6. The North-South conflict: Before South Sudan gained independence, there was a decades-long conflict between the north and south of Sudan. The conflict began in the 1950s and was largely fueled by differences in religion, culture, and economic interests. The south is predominantly Christian and animist, while the north is predominantly Muslim. The conflict resulted in the deaths of an estimated two million people and the displacement of millions more.
7. The Nuba Mountains conflict: This conflict began in the 1980s when rebel groups in the Nuba Mountains region of central Sudan took up arms against the government. The rebels accused the government of neglect and discrimination and demanded greater autonomy for their region. The conflict has resulted in the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people and the deaths of tens of thousands.
8. The Blue Nile conflict: This conflict began in 2011 when rebel groups in the Blue Nile region of Sudan took up arms against the government. The rebels accused the government of neglect and discrimination and demanded greater autonomy for their region. The conflict has resulted in the displacement of tens of thousands of people and the deaths of thousands.
9. The ongoing conflict in Darfur: Although the Darfur conflict officially ended in 2010 with the signing of a peace agreement, there are still sporadic outbreaks of violence in the region. The government and rebel groups continue to clash, and there are ongoing issues related to land rights, resources, and power-sharing.
10. The role of external actors: Sudan’s conflicts have been shaped, in part, by the involvement of external actors. For example, in the Darfur conflict, the International Criminal Court has indicted Sudanese officials for war crimes, and there have been sanctions imposed by the United Nations and other countries. In the South Sudan conflict, neighboring countries such as Uganda and Ethiopia have played a role in supporting different factions.
11. The impact on civilians: Sudan’s conflicts have had a devastating impact on civilians. Millions of people have been displaced from their homes, and many have been killed, tortured, or raped. The conflicts have also had a long-term impact on the country’s infrastructure, economy, and social fabric.
12. The challenges of peacebuilding: While there have been some peace agreements signed in Sudan, implementing them has been a challenge. Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programs have been difficult to carry out, and there are ongoing issues related to power-sharing, land rights, and resource allocation.
13. The need for sustained international engagement: Addressing the root causes of Sudan’s conflicts will require sustained international engagement. This includes support for peacebuilding efforts, humanitarian aid for civilians, and efforts to promote good governance, economic development, and human rights. It will also require addressing regional and international factors that contribute to conflict, such as the illicit trade in arms and natural resources.